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Alkaline batteries � usually single-use batteries. They have an alkaline electrolyte in them instead of an acid. 

Anode � the negative end of a battery, marked with a minus (�) sign.

Atoms � the smallest building blocks of all matter. Everything is made of atoms!

Cathode � the positive end of a battery, marked with a plus (+) sign.

Chemical energy � the energy stored in the chemical bonds of compounds.

Disposable (single-use) batteries –� batteries that can be used only once and cannot be recharged with the help of electricity. They must be replaced by a new battery for the device to work.

Electrolyte � a powder, gel, paste, or liquid that separates the anode and the cathode that allows electrons to move from the anode to the cathode through a device.

Electrons � part of every atom. They are extremely tiny and are negatively charged.

Fossil fuels � were formed over millions of years from buried plants and animals, and are available only in limited amounts. They have stored energy. They are also called nonrenewable energy sources.

Lead-acid batteries � rechargeable batteries that contain lead compounds in their anodes and cathodes. They use an acid for the electrolyte and are often used in automobiles. 

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) � rechargeable batteries made with lithium metal; used in EVs, mobile phones, wheelchairs, wireless headsets, etc.

Oxidation � the chemical reaction happening at the cathode, where the cathode loses electrons.

Rechargeable batteries � batteries that can be charged and used again, over and over for a long time (like those in cell phones). 

Recycle � to make new usable parts or items from old, used, or worn-out things. 

Reduction � the chemical reaction happening at the anode, where the anode gains electrons.

Renewable energy � the energy sources in nature that never run out. They last pretty much forever (like the sun’s energy).